Objective To observe the aerial control of Apocheima cinerarius in Populus euphratica for the impact on desert type kala- azar. Methods Xiahe forest farm of Bachu county was selected as treatment area and the third township of Jiashi county as control area in desert-type kala-azar epidemic areas of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang China. The treatment area:the insecticide was sprayed by AT-402B plane to kill pests( Apocheima cinerarius)in 3 200 hectares of P. euphratica forest during 7 to 25 of April in 2009. The control area:courtyard and indoor of the patient's residence and within around 10 residences were sprayed by pyrethroid insecticide during sandflies seasons during 2008 to 2009 and 2014 to 2016, plus mosquito nets to protect children in 2015. Results In the treatment area:the incidence of desert-type kala-azar was at 160/100 000-260/100 000 before aerial treatment of 2009, and the one followed at 60/100 000 after 7 years of the pest control consecutively; In the control area:the incidence was at 264/100 000 and 246/100 000 from 2008 to 2009, after a dip in 2010 at 60/100 000, rose again to 201/100 000, 602/100 000, and 325/100 000 in 2014, 2015, and 2016(to June). Conclusion Epidemic management of desert kala- azar by sand fly control in courtyard was less effective than aerial operation in P. euphratica, and also last shorter. The control effect of the aerial operations is significant for the desert type kala-azar, and last longer.

Objective To compare field rodent control efficacy using various methods and provide scientific data for deratization in the future. Methods To observe the change of rat density before and after deratizatio at the experimental animal center from September to November 2015. Glue rat board was continuously used in the finished feed warehouse, using bromadiolone baits in raw material storehouse, production workshop using the mousetrap method, the conventional animals feeding chamber by cage-trap. Results A total of 122 rats were captured in 18 d, after deratization average rat density dropped to 6.8% from 59.1% prior to the deratization; corrected deratization rate was 79.2%. Peak was in first day by three physical deratization methods, after a downward trend, the rat density were significantly lower after deratization, but did not reach the standard (≤3%). Dead rats were found after 3 d using bromadiolone baits, 5-6 d to peak, rat density decreased to 0 after deratization. Conclusion Various methods used for prevention and control of rodents obviously reduced the density of rodents. The deratization methods which fit different environments were screened according to the feeding habit, in order to choose rodent bait and control devices efficiently.

Objective To investigate hosts of blood meal for vector Phlebotomus wui in desert-type kala-azar of Tarim basin, and analyze interrelation between the reservoir hosts of desert-type kala-azar and the vector. Methods To survey the host species at the period of vector activity in serious epidemic area of desert-type kala-azar of Tarim Basin, catch P. wui of the kala-azar vector, and pick out no blood-sucking female of P. wui. The tests of blood-sucking with P. wui were conducted on five species of the locally available wild animals which were in free activities (free group) and two species of the animals whose activities were restricted. Results Mainly locally available wild animals were tarim hare (Lepus yarkandensis), Hemiechinus auritus, Salpingotus kozlovi, Dipus sagitta and Meriones meridianus. P. wui only fed on L. yarkandensis and H. auritus in the free group, the blood-sucking rates were 9.5% and 3.3%, the others were zero. All the restricted animals, blood feeding on which did not occur when allowed to feed on free moving animals, were fed by P. wui, the blood-sucking rates were 24.6% and 2.4%. Blood-sucking locations were hairless parts of the animals. Conclusion The main factors influencing on P. wui blood-sucking in free group was determined by the hairless area size exposed and body activity of the animals. When the moving activities were limited, the blood-sucking rate rose immediately. The blood-sucking tests found out species of blood-supply animals, the blood-sucking location of the animals, the time of blood-sucking, and the influencing factors of blood-sucking. Through analyzing habitats between tarim hare and vector P. wui, as well as the blood-sucking tests, it is thought that the tarim hare is the main blood supply animal for P. wui of the kala-azar vector and the reservoir hosts in the desert type kala-azar of Tarim basin.

Objective To study the overwintering of Phlebotomus wui in artificial conditions. Methods Group A: larvae overwintered in the breeding dish at a temperature of 10-18 ℃ and relative humidity of 30%-45%. Group B: larvae overwintered in the breeding dish at a temperature of 1-13 ℃ and relative humidity of 45%-70%. Group C: larvae overwintered in an oviposit pot at a temperature of 1-13 ℃ and relative humidity 45%-70%. Results The average overall pupation rate was 52.6%. The highest pupation rate was seen in Group C, followed by Group B and A. In Group A, B, and C, the eclosion rates were 15.1%, 64.3% and 70.6%, the overall adult survivals 7.2%, 32.7% and 41.7%, and the effective accumulated temperature 3000 day·℃, 2975 day·℃ and 2960 day·℃, respectively. The time and extent of pupation and eclosion were scattered in Group A yet clearly concentrated in Group B and C. Conclusion The environmental temperature has a significant effect on overwintering of P. wui, which requires an effective accumulated temperature of 2978 day·℃. The higher the temperature, the shorter the duration of diapause, resulting in earlier eclosion and abbreviated overwintering. Thus, the mating and blood-feeding period of P. wui commences earlier. In contrast, normal mating and blood feeding requires an average temperature lower than 11 ℃ and a diapause duration longer than 9 months. Humidity is also a significant factor because most larvae will not survive when the humidity remains below 75%.

【Abstract】 Objective To survey reservoir hosts of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin. Methods Collect animal samples in winter, and screen the samples which antibody were positive by ELISA. Leishmania was isolated by Lagurus lagurus inoculation and tissue culture. The specific gene sequences of Leishmania infantum isolated from kala?azar patients, Yarkend hare and Phlebotomus wui were amplified by molecular biological technology. Results There was Leishmania antibodies in Yarkend hare and Canis familiaris, and 3 strains of Leishmania were isolated from 44 of Yarkend hare which antibodies were positive. The NAGT gene sequences amplified from hares (3 strains), patients (1 strain) and vectors (6 strains) were same, according with the sequence of  L.infantum (AF205934)  from GenBank.  Conclusion It suggests that yarkend hare is one of the primal host of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin.

Objective To set up ways of breeding and reproducing for sandfly( Phlebotomos major). Methods Routine breeding approaches were used. Results Under conditions of temperature of (27±1)℃ and the relative humidity of (50-95)%, the time of egg was 8 d, the time of lavae and pupae was 7 d without exception; and the time of emergence was 8 d and the emergence rate was 92.7%. The proportion of female to male was 1.675∶1 and the average laying number was 48. The life cycle was at least 55 d. Conclusion The life cycle of P.major can be completed according to the routine breeding and reproducing approaches in the laboratory.

Objective:To set up Laboratory animal model for HEV on wild rodents;merionus meridianus.Methods:Selecting wild rodents,which have been domesticated in the laboratory,infecting to the rodents with HEV in three generations,and examining targets relationship with HEV respectively.In the first generation,the animals were injected by the suspenion liquid of patient waste,who has been confirmed to be infected HEV RNA,and the second and the third generations were infected by the waste of positive rodents for HEV step by step.It was observed for the clinical characters of all test animals,including blood-enzyme characters,blood-toxic characterers,states of discharging HEV,and pathological changes of the histology.Results:There was 20%(2/10) of the clinical characters and 50%(5/10) of mortality rate in Lagurus lagurus in two generations.In Merionus meridianus,to be not obvious clinical characters,0.5%(1/20) of mortality rate,appear special blood-enzyme characters at the sixth day and reinstate gradually at the 48th day after injected,which shown two-peak model.There was 25% of positive for HEV RNA in the waste and 37.5% in the blood in the gerbils.The change characters of liver tissue pathology of the gerbils was similar to the light patients.Conclusion:Depending on the conditions and requirement of laboratory animal models, M.meridianus fits in with HEV laboratory animal models.

Objective:Test of HEV infection in Meriones meridianus step by step in generation.Method:The suspention liquid of waste of man,who was HEV patient,were injected into the abdominal cavities of healthy M.meridianus which were observed in 43-0 days afte injected.It was recorded for the clinical characters,Blood-enzyme,results of wasting HEVRNA,and the changes of liver's histology.The 7 bodies in the first time and 20 bodies both the second and third were injected step by step in generation respectively.Result:There were indistictively clinical characters,and similar reactions of blood-enzyme in all generations.There were two peak models of blood-enzyme from the 6 day to the 50 day after injectsd.Comparison of changes in liver histology was similar between the gerbils infected by HEV and the HEV patients.Conclusion:The experiments shown that gerbil can be infected by HEV step by step in three generations,in which the clinical characters is similar to HEV patients,and considered as laboratory animal model for HEV.

Some ecological characteristics of city's C.migratorius were discussed and analyzed by rodent survey in 11 cities in Xinjiang and tested in the laboratory. Average capture rates was 3.67%(630/16741)and it takes 26.26% of the whole rodents and second only to Mus. musculus .The population density and percentage of specific composition showed old city>new city>suburb;earth and wooden house>old floor board storey>cellar>brick housa,Invasion of Rat.norvegicus and rise of percentage on new building in old cities could cause percentage of C.migratorius to decline,and urban deratization campaign or developing on new cities might cause the percentage to increase.The results show that the animal renews oler four times every year,in which there is foetol marks with an average of 7.1 marks per littera,the age of sexual maturity is about 50 days,and the sex ratio is 0.544.Peaks of population density were May and November in a year,which is higher than rural area. It has been found firstly that the rodent can hibernate in condition of low temperature.